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transformando um concurso regional em vantagem competitiva

Greentech na cadeia de suprimentos de hidrogênio
por= Michael Caspersen
Artigo 8 Min Read
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Este artigo compartilha perspectivas do BCG e das partes interessadas em toda a cadeia de valor de hidrogênio que serão úteis como uma preparação para aqueles que frequentam a conferência World Hydrogen Week em Copenhague. As perspectivas incluem tópicos como a cadeia de suprimentos de equipamentos de hidrogênio e a necessidade de colaboração do setor e também serão relevantes para todos os envolvidos ou considerando entrar ou cooperar com a indústria de hidrogênio. E, de fato, a indústria está crescendo, graças a uma combinação de compromissos políticos e regulatórios com a descarbonização, um investimento considerável de investidores institucionais e capital privado, e das tecnologias que amadurecem rapidamente e cada vez mais eficientes, especialmente os eletrólitos e as células de combustível. As empresas multinacionais fabricam localmente e entregarão internacionalmente. Até 2030, a indústria poderia produzir mais de 20 megatons por ano de hidrogênio verde, ou o equivalente a +200 gigawatts de capacidade de eletrolisador, o que poderia aumentar dez vezes em 2050.

Everyone with a stake in the emerging hydrogen industry understands its critical role both in decarbonizing hard-to-abate industries and in providing an alternative power source in a diversified energy security program. And indeed, the industry is growing, thanks to a combination of political and regulatory commitments to decarbonization, considerable investment from both institutional investors and private capital, and the rapidly maturing and increasingly efficient technologies needed, especially electrolyzers and fuel cells.

As electrolyzer and fuel cell manufacturers continue to improve their technology, and demand grows for low-carbon hydrogen, the necessary equipment will be sourced globally. Multinational companies will manufacture locally and deliver internationally. By 2030, the industry could produce more than 20 megatons per annum of green hydrogen, or the equivalent of +200 gigawatts of electrolyzer capacity, which could increase tenfold by 2050.

, apesar do futuro promissor da indústria, os gargalhos estão dificultando a entrega horária dos eletricolisadores e as ligações necessárias. Por sua vez, isso tem o potencial de exacerbar a competição regional entre a Europa, os EUA e a Ásia para obter a vantagem no desenvolvimento ainda mais da tecnologia e na produção do próprio hidrogênio. Os fabricantes de equipamentos de hidrogênio ocidentais já estão perdendo sua vantagem tecnológica sobre o resto do mundo, e particularmente os jogadores chineses. Somente trabalhando juntos, os diferentes participantes regionais podem tirar proveito de suas habilidades tecnológicas e de fabricação complementares para ampliar essa indústria crucial no grau necessário e fazê -lo com lucro. Eventualmente, os fabricantes de equipamentos precisarão adotar este concurso regional e explorar as vantagens da colaboração para tornar o hidrogênio verde um sucesso. Os mercados ocidentais, incluindo a Europa e os EUA, estão buscando construir e controlar seu ecossistema local de hidrogênio, a fim de aumentar sua independência e resiliência energética e suavizar a transição para uma economia de baixo carbono para trabalhadores e empresas legadas. Como resultado, essas regiões mantiveram um conhecimento tecnológico e o núcleo dos níveis de componentes e sistemas. Na Europa, por exemplo, a Norsk Hydro começou a fabricar eletrolisadores há um século. E a partir da década de 1960, os programas espaciais da NASA dos EUA criaram um cenário de base e fornecedores fortes para a tecnologia de células de combustível. O crescimento da indústria poderia permitir que ele domine mais uma tecnologia de energia, assim como no painel solar, bateria e outras indústrias relacionadas à energia.

No single player holds all the capabilities needed to excel on all fronts in this rapidly forming industry. Only by working together can the different regional players take advantage of their complementary technological and manufacturing skills to scale up this crucial industry to the degree needed, and to do so profitably. Eventually, equipment manufacturers will need to embrace this regional contest and exploit the upsides of collaboration to make green hydrogen a success.

China Is on the Rise To Become a Strong Contender to Western Markets

Considered independently, the US, Europe and China each have strong motives for capturing their share of the hydrogen market, and distinct advantages that could further their efforts. Western markets, including both Europe and the US, are looking to build and control their local hydrogen ecosystem in order to boost their energy independence and resilience and to smooth the transition to a low-carbon economy for workers and legacy companies alike.

Europe and the US have a long-standing tradition of promoting innovation in hydrogen electrolyzers and fuel cells and using it in various industrial processes. As a result, these regions have maintained a technological edge and core knowhow on the component and systems levels. In Europe, for example, Norsk Hydro began manufacturing electrolyzers a century ago. And beginning in the 1960s, the US’s NASA space programs have created a strong base and supplier landscape for fuel cell technology.

Meanwhile, China has been developing its own hydrogen industry as part of its effort to decarbonize large sectors of its economy, notably transportation, a major cause of air pollution and the resulting health risks in its major cities. The growth of the industry there could allow it to dominate yet another energy technology, much like it has in the solar panel, battery, and other energy-related industries.

O governo chinês estabeleceu alvos concretos de 2025 para a produção e o uso de hidrogênio de até 200 quilotons de produção de hidrogênio e entre 6 e 12 gigawatts de capacidade de eletrolzer. Oferece incentivos financeiros atraentes para players domésticos, incluindo adiamentos fiscais e suporte de Capex ao desenvolvimento de projetos e plantas.

Europe has a grace period of three to five years to expand its electrolysis and equipment footprint over rapidly evolving Chinese competition.

sua tecnologia também está melhorando. A China está patenteando agressivamente nova tecnologia de hidrogênio e células de combustível de baixo carbono, emitindo mais de 1.000 novas famílias de patentes na área em 2021, duas vezes o número de patentes emitidas na Europa e nos EUA combinados. E suas proezas de fabricação, escala e capacidade de desenvolver capacidade de produção rapidamente são insuperáveis. O preço dos eletrolólores chineses pode ser de duas a cinco vezes menor que os sistemas europeus, graças a custos mais baixos para mão-de-obra e componentes, concorrência local considerável e incentivos governamentais. Apoiar o crescente ecossistema de hidrogênio não conseguiu acompanhar o crescente interesse pelo hidrogênio. Isso criou gargalos significativos em toda a cadeia de suprimentos que devem ser superados se a indústria de hidrogênio for atender ao seu pleno potencial como um elemento-chave da transição energética. Ao contrário das indústrias de painéis eólicos e solares, que tiveram décadas para amadurecer, a demanda por eletrolisadores e células de combustível começou a aumentar muitas vezes nos últimos cinco a dez anos. Isso está criando gargalos e atrasos que cascata em toda a paisagem do fornecedor. Alguns são

A Vacuum Has Formed in the Hydrogen Greentech Space

Despite the Western regions’ technological advantages and China’s growing scale and large market for hydrogen, the global supply chain of parts, components and distribution infrastructure needed to support the growing hydrogen ecosystem has not been able to keep up with the newly rising interest in hydrogen. This has created significant bottlenecks across the supply chain that must be overcome if the hydrogen industry is to meet its full potential as a key element of the energy transition.

This situation is largely the result of the low-carbon hydrogen industry’s immaturity and the need to scale up rapidly. Unlike the wind and solar panel industries, which have had decades to mature, demand for electrolyzers and fuel cells has begun to increase many-fold in just the past five-to-ten years. This is creating bottlenecks and delays that cascade throughout the supplier landscape. Some are CYCLICAL-provavelmente podem ser aliviados no termo curto a médio. Outros são Estrutural e exigirão alterações fundamentais para resolver. Portanto, é menos crítico a longo prazo. No entanto, a interseção coincidente entre a desaceleração da economia global e atrasos na demanda por hidrogênio fez com que muitos dos OEMs de eletrolisador de primeira onda que se dirigissem ao espaço para abandonar seus esforços e criaram um vácuo parcial na cadeia de suprimentos. Um mercado que de outra forma poderia ter ficado rapidamente saturado deixou a porta aberta para uma segunda onda de OEMs para preencher o vazio-e desta vez é com um conjunto de jogadores e regiões mais disperso. desacelerar consideravelmente e atrasar a trajetória de crescimento promissor do setor. Em vez disso, os fabricantes de cada uma das três regiões precisarão trabalhar juntos e mesclar suas habilidades complementares para superar suas desvantagens individuais e os gargalos orientados para a oferta que estão desacelerando os ecossistemas mais amplos de hidrogênio e a subsídio de semente de semente. 2).

As Exhibit 1 shows, the more critical bottlenecks relate to upstream activities involving the supply of sufficient energy feedstocks to hydrogen and synthetic fuel production, whereas the production of electrolyzers and fuel cells, and the infrastructure equipment for storage and distribution can be scaled from known technology. Hence, it is less critical in the long term.

The fuel cell and electrolyzer space is of particular interest, as it involves a great deal of core intellectual property and innovation in materials science and manufacturing. However, the coincidental intersection between the downturn in the global economy and delays in demand for hydrogen has caused many of the first-wave electrolyzer OEMs heading into the space to abandon their efforts and created a partial vacuum in the supply chain. A market that might otherwise have become quickly saturated has now left the door open for a second wave of OEMs to fill the void—and this time it’s with a more dispersed set of players and regions.

No Single Player Possesses the Full 360-Degree Capability Set of an Industry Champion

If equipment manufacturers in the key hydrogen producing regions continue to compete directly, however, progress in opening these bottlenecks could slow considerably and delay the industry’s promising growth trajectory. Instead, manufacturers in each of the three regions will need to work together and merge their complementary skills to overcome both their individual disadvantages and the supply-oriented bottlenecks that are slowing the broader hydrogen ecosystem’s rise.

We see three types of players currently at work in the hydrogen equipment industry, regardless of geography, each one with their own strengths and weaknesses (see Exhibit 2).

Each type of company needs to scrutinize and sharpen the shape of its ecosystem and assess its individual strengths to make the best decisions regarding issues such as whether to insource or outsource specific tasks. This includes combining core strengths such as R&D and technology innovation with strong industrialization capabilities, including precision manufacturing and automation at large volumes. Meanwhile, they must all consider factors beyond the product itself, including deep knowhow on end-use integration and aftersales issues such as local serviceability, which will define how successfully their equipment is deployed and maintained.

Because no single player possesses all these capabilities on its own, and no one has the luxury of time to build them from scratch, forming liaisons to ensure all-around best practices is the way forward. Such liaisons have the potential to combine all the capabilities of an industry champion if done right.

Building an end-to-end hydrogen value chain can be accomplished through more or less formal partnerships across regional boundaries through risk-benefit sharing schemes among strategic suppliers, equipment manufacturers, hydrogen systems integrators, and customers. Such partnerships have been shown to be especially successful at delivering orders on time, within budget and with top quality. Other models include joint ventures between current manufacturers of electrolyzers and fuel cells and licensing agreements designed to share technologies and manufacturing know-how among players.

Equipment Players Should Aim for Co-Opetition To Shape a Successful Industry

It is in everyone’s interest to encourage the increased use of hydrogen and further develop the industry with strong players who can make hydrogen competitive.

No single player in the hydrogen industry can currently demonstrate all the industry best practices across technology innovation, manufacturing excellence and go-to-market capabilities needed to thrive in the growing low-carbon hydrogen ecosystem. The equipment manufacturers most likely to succeed are those that can successfully combine their complementary skillsets.

In the end, the guiding principle should be to build high-quality fuel cells and electrolyzers that are reliable over their full lifespan, ensuring that customers can reduce the levelized cost of the low-carbon hydrogen they produce.

The key is synergistic constellations and collaboration—working together across company and regional boundaries in a way that balances the interests of all the players in the hydrogen ecosystem and combines the individual advantages of every company and region to help build a cleaner, greener world less prone to the impacts of climate change.

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Autores

Mc

Diretor Associado, descarbonização / hidrogênio

Michael Caspersen

Diretor Associado, descarbonização / hidrogênio
Copenhague

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