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A curva de experiência

por= Bruce Henderson
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Há uma hipótese de que os custos seguem um padrão definido, que é uma função da experiência de produção acumulada. Se pesquisas adicionais validarem essa teoria, a implicação para o gerenciamento de negócios será de grande alcance. Toda a política de negócios é afetada dos padrões de custo de fabricação à política de exportação.

If we consider business competition as a system in equilibrium, then this hypothesis introduces a whole new set of relationships which are of critical importance in establishing the stability of competition. The whole of business policy is affected from manufacturing cost standards to export policy.

Apparently the following conclusions can be justified:

Many of these issues are of major importance in formulating the basic policies which represent corporate strategy. Even if the experience-cost hypothesis should prove to be only partially applicable to these questions, it is still a major insight if it provides any significant understanding of these basic relationships.

Price and cost data show that costs decline by some characteristic amount each time accumulated experience is doubled. Given this, it is clear that not only can one’s own costs be projected, but costs relative to competitors can also be estimated, given some rather straightforward information about the market.

The characteristic decline is consistently 20-30% each time accumulated production is doubled. This decline goes on in time without limit (in constant dollars) regardless of the rate of growth of experience. The rate of decline is surprisingly consistent, even from industry to industry.

However, these observed or inferred reductions in costs as volume increases are not necessarily automatic. They depend crucially on a competent management that seeks ways to force costs down as volume expands. Production costs are most likely to decline under this internal pressure. Yet in the long-run the average combined cost of all elements should decline under the pressure for the company to remain as profitable as possible. To this extent the relationship is of normal potential rather than one of certainty. However, competition characteristically produces survivors who achieve the full potential.

Variances in “costs” shown in plotting experience curves are probably best interpreted as indicating change in rates of expenditure, or cash flows. Such costs should include all of the cost elements which may have a trade-off against each other. This therefore means all costs of every kind required to deliver the product to the ultimate user, including the cost of intangibles which affect perceived value. There is no question that R&D, sales expense, advertising, overhead, and everything else is included.

Any failure of the producer to relate any one of these cost elements properly to the other will have a degrading effect on the cost performance in serving the end user. This may be why the experience curve works, as it weeds out everyone who has not used the optimum combination of all cost elements compared to his competitors’ combinations. This also distinguishes experience curves from the well-known learning curve, the later relating only to labor and production inputs.

The growth rate of a product is an important factor in interpreting experience curves. If the production of a product is not growing, then the rate of cost decline por ano diminui gradualmente e se aproxima de zero. têm histórias de experiência aproximadamente equivalentes, então seus custos tendem a se mover em paralelo. Se a posição do mercado dos concorrentes mudar, também faz seus custos relativos. As implicações para o desenvolvimento da estratégia corporativa são tão amplas que é difícil exagerar.

When accumulated units of a product are increasing annually at a constant percentage rate, then each year of product experience produces approximately the same percentage effect on cost.

If competitors maintain the same relative market shares and have roughly equivalent histories of experience, then their costs will tend to move in parallel. If competitors’ market position changes, so do their relative costs.

There is a large amount of empirical evidence that this relationship is so fundamental that any deviation should be explainable. The implications for corporate strategy development are so sweeping that it is difficult to overstate them.

The theory of cost versus experience is more fully developed in the book Perspectives on Experience published by The Boston Consulting Group.

Author

Founder and CEO, 1963-1980

Bruce Henderson

Fundador e CEO, 1963-1980
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