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Investimentos minoritários de private equity: Menos pode ser mais?

por Anton Schneider e Cristina Henrik
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Investimentos minoritários têm sido um recurso comum de negócios menores de crescimento. Recentemente, no entanto, os acordos minoritários tornaram-se cada vez mais prevalentes em transações maiores de patrimônio privado (PE). De fato, os investimentos minoritários agora ocupam um lugar proeminente nas estratégias de investimento de muitos fundos médios e de grande capitalização orientados a compras. Desde 2008. (Veja o Anexo 1.)

The Boston Consulting Group analyzed a sampling of deals entered into by seven representative large PE funds and found marked growth in the proportion of minority stakes in the past few years, from an average of 13 percent of deals done globally from 2004 through 2007 to 27 percent of deals since 2008. (See Exhibit 1.)

Many of the largest global PE firms have embraced minority-investing opportunities, even as some of the more Europe-focused large players appear to have shunned them. From 2004 through 2014, for example, 15 to 20 percent of deals done by 
Apax, CVC e KKR foram acordos minoritários e 25 a 40 % dos acordos de Blackstone e Warburg Pincus envolviam participações minoritárias. Por outro lado, os interesses minoritários caracterizaram menos de 5 % dos acordos celebrados pelos parceiros da Cinven e BC. (Veja a Anexo 2.) Essa divergência é em parte uma função de se uma empresa é ativa no mundo em desenvolvimento, onde os acordos minoritários são mais comuns, mas esses acordos também passaram a desempenhar um papel cada vez mais importante nas estratégias de mercado desenvolvido de alguns jogadores. 

Por que os vendedores escolhem vender stakes minoritários

According to BCG’s analysis of 90 minority positions taken from 2004 through 2014, the three main motivations of sellers of minority stakes are the need to raise capital, the desire for specific expertise, and the desire for the credibility that an independent, professional investor can bring. (See Exhibit 3.)

More than 90 percent of the minority deals analyzed by BCG explicitly mentioned the need to access capital. Approximately 57 percent mentioned the need to raise capital to fund growth or acquisitions. For example, Czech security-software company Avast Software disclosed that it had sold a minority stake to CVC in early 2014 to access the capital it needed to continue adding to its product base and to expand further into the U.S. At the time of the deal announcement, Avast CEO Vincent Steckler told PEhub.com, a website that covers the PE industry, “We are not yet number one in every market. CVC gives us the resources to grow to become the number-one PC security provider in the U.S. and Asia, and the clear market leader in mobile security.”

For 34 percent of sellers, minority sales were an attractive means of extracting capital for the current owners while allowing them to maintain control. For example, when Apax acquired a minority position in Eastern European media company CME, its founder, Ronald Lauder, described the deal as a way “to diversify my personal investments and recognize a return on a part of my initial investment in the company, while remaining CME’s largest shareholder.”

Minority investing gained favor during the peak of the financial crisis, when debt finance was severely constrained and the sale of a minority stake was often the only way for a company to raise much-needed capital. It came at a high cost. Minority sellers paid the higher returns demanded by equity investors and accepted dilution of the original owner’s stake. Today, the debt-financing squeeze has largely passed, but some corporate balance sheets remain constrained, providing a motivation to sell minority stakes.

Several European banks, for example, have recently sold or announced their intention to sell minority stakes in some of their operating units. In 2014, Santander sold 50 percent of its custody business to Warburg Pincus and Temasek, netting
a $550 million gain that the Spanish bank used to strengthen its capital base. The sale added 12 basis points to Santander’s common-equity Tier 1 ratio, significantly strengthening what analysts regarded as one of the tightest core-capital ratios among European peers. A year before, Santander had sold 50 percent of its asset-management business to Warburg Pincus and General Atlantic in a deal estimated to have generated net capital gains of $850 million for the Spanish bank.

Sellers of minority stakes seek more than capital alone. As many as a quarter of the deals that we analyzed explicitly mentioned that an important benefit of the transaction was access to the expertise that PE funds can provide. In particular, companies that sell minority stakes seek deep knowledge about adjacent industry subsectors and expertise about how to spur growth in new regions. Sellers also place a high value on expertise in mergers and acquisitions and initial public offerings.

The successful journey of KKR and Wild Flavors from 2010 to 2014 is an illustrative example. At the time of KKR’s acquisition of a 35 percent stake in the German flavor manufacturer, the latter’s founder, Hans-Peter Wild, commented that “this strategic partnership will allow us to tap into the capital markets and financing sources that have previously been unavailable to us….KKR is a strong partner with extensive global expertise and will assist Wild in its focused expansion and strengthening of our businesses going forward.” Following the sale, Wild embarked on a global M&A program, acquiring Cargill’s juice-blends business, mint-oil maker A.M. Todd, and natural-extracts maker Alfrebro. The deals expanded Wild’s presence in Europe, India, Japan, and the U.S. In 2014, its sales having quadrupled to around €2 billion since 2010, Wild accepted a 100 percent buyout offer from strategic acquirer ADM. Priced at €2.3 billion, a handsome 16 times earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, the sale trebled the value of KKR’s initial investment in the company.

Finalmente, vários anúncios de negócios citaram explicitamente a credibilidade que um acionista independente pode fornecer. A caixa de provedores de armazenamento de nuvem dos EUA, por exemplo, levantou US $ 150 milhões da TPG e o gerenciamento de casaco em 2014. Segundo a Bloomberg.com, a Box fez o acordo para ganhar tempo para o seu IPO planejado e para tranquilizar os investidores que duvidavam de que o Power de 50151 = Minorly5), com a menor, a menor queimadura. Algo de raridade nos EUA, é mais comum na Europa e especialmente na Ásia. Nessas duas últimas regiões, as condições do mercado local e as motivações dos vendedores, descritas abaixo, levam a uma maior incidência de peças minoritárias. Vários fatores são responsáveis ​​pela diferença. Até 85 % das empresas com US $ 1 bilhão ou mais em receitas anuais no sudeste da Ásia são executadas em família, em comparação com 15 % das empresas dos EUA no

HOW MINORITY DEALS VARY BY REGION

Minority deals, still something of a rarity in the U.S., are more common in Europe and especially Asia. In those two latter regions, local market conditions and sellers’ motivations, described below, lead to a higher incidence of minority plays.

Asia

Historically, minority deals have been more common in emerging markets—especially Asia—than in Europe and North America. Several factors account for the difference.

In the first place, the share of businesses that are family owned or controlled in many developing markets is very high. As much as 85 percent of businesses with $1 billion or more in annual revenues in Southeast Asia are family run, compared with 15 percent of U.S. companies in the Fortune Global 500. Owners in developing countries are often less willing to cash out their stakes completely, because less sophisticated stock markets make it more difficult to diversify wealth and assets efficiently. In addition, political considerations often influence a government’s decision to sell only minority stakes in state-owned enterprises.

In some countries, significant regulatory barriers prevent foreign investors from owning majority or controlling stakes in local enterprises. In a number of Chinese industry sectors, foreign companies are either required to form joint ventures with domestic businesses or are limited to minority stakes by law.

Personal relationships can also play an even bigger role than in developed markets, making it more attractive for PE investors to support local players with existing relationships.

Europe

As in Asia, local dynamics in Europe lead to a greater prevalence of minority deals compared with North America. The four funds with a significant number of investments in both Europe and the Americas that we analyzed did minority deals in 17 percent of cases in Europe, as against only 12 percent in the Americas.

O que explica a diferença? Na Europa, as famílias controlam 40 % das grandes empresas listadas. Essas famílias costumam preservar o controle por razões financeiras e sociais e, portanto, tendem a favorecer acordos minoritários. Além disso, os mercados de capital da dívida da Europa são um pouco menos desenvolvidos e seu setor bancário sob mais pressão do que nos EUA, tornando o acesso ao financiamento da dívida no mercado aberto problemático e incentivando as empresas a favorecer as ofertas de ações sobre a emissão de dívidas. Além disso, a fragmentação da Europa resulta em um nível mais baixo de padronização, liquidez e escala para análise de risco de crédito, tornando as colocações privadas mais caras e impedindo o desenvolvimento do mercado secundário, mesmo que as economias da UE e dos EUA sejam comparáveis ​​em tamanho. Em 2014, o mercado europeu de dívida privado totalizou US $ 99 bilhões, em comparação com US $ 234 bilhões nos EUA

European deals tend to be smaller than those in the U.S., with North American deals averaging $500 million, compared with $300 million in Europe, and minority investments are more commonly featured in smaller deals.

Finally, compared with the investment theses underlying North American deals, those still figuring prominently in European deals—such as in-market and cross-border growth, professionalization, governance enhancement, and consolidation of fragmented sectors—are elements of value creation well suited to PE sponsor engagement as a minority investor. By contrast, hard cost-cutting, operational performance improvement, and restructuring are elements of value creation that typically are more successful with the active engagement of a control-oriented sponsor.

In similar fashion, when the founder of French fashion firm Zadig & Voltaire sold a 30 percent stake to TA Associates in 2012, the company stated that the sale would contribute to the professionalization of its governance, accelerate growth, and help transform it from a small family-owned business to a professionally managed enterprise. (See the sidebar, “How Minority Deals Vary by Region.”)

O que os compradores de PE veem nas ofertas minoritárias

Que razões justificariam os investimentos minoritários por fundos de educação física, dada a limitação óbvia da falta de controle? Como mencionamos, muitos vendedores procuram mais do que capital sozinho, e os compradores podem, portanto, se diferenciar por outros fatores que não o preço. Em muitos casos, os compradores vencedores podem oferecer credibilidade nos mercados financeiros e conhecimentos específicos relevantes para as prioridades da Companhia em questão (em particular, em relação ao crescimento e internacionalização inorgânicas). Como os vendedores não escolhem os compradores apenas com base no preço, as empresas de PE têm maior probabilidade de evitar a "maldição do vencedor" de pagar em excesso. Como resultado, diferentemente da grande maioria dos acordos de controle, os acordos minoritários normalmente não são consumados por meio de leilões formais. Estudamos 24 acordos minoritários recentes feitos por empresas de PE de grande capitalização na Europa e nos EUA, e houve evidências públicas de um leilão em apenas duas instâncias-em contraste com a maioria dos grandes acordos de educação física, nos quais os leilões são a norma. investindo o capital adicional levantado. Além disso, alguns profissionais de educação física afirmam que as apostas minoritárias têm menos probabilidade de serem "limões" com falhas ocultas, observando que o desejo de um acionista majoritário de manter o controle e um interesse econômico significativo é um indicador contante dos resultados de investimento de BOIONIDADOS EM RESPONSÃO EM RESPENSÃO DO RESPENHO DO RESPENHO (INSTRUDEIROS DE BENSIMENTO DO RESPONSIDADE EM RESPENSÃO DO RESPONSÃO EM RESPONSATION (MORSENTETEN (MORS Stanley Stanley, um Billion. transações minoritárias) que envolviam fundos nos quais o MSAIP teve uma posição. A análise indicou um desempenho geral robusto nos acordos majoritários e nos negócios minoritários focados em empresas mais maduras e sem ventilação. O diferencial de desempenho observado, no entanto, evoluiu com o tempo. Especificamente, para acordos celebrados durante o período de 2002 a 2007, os acordos majoritários evidenciaram um diferencial mediano aproximado de 30 a 50 % em termos de retornos múltiplos em dinheiro. Mas não houve um diferencial significativo de desempenho entre os acordos majoritários e minoritários durante o período de 2008 a 2013. Neil Harper, diretor de investimentos da equipe de fundos de fundos de private equity do MSAIP, observou que “de nossa experiência, os fundos que demonstram” a capacidade de flexionar contos e mais de maneira a serem atendidos em manoht) em que os fundos e que se concentram apenas em que os fundos e os fundos são focados apenas sobre o controle. Conseqüência, a demanda por acordos minoritários aumentou acentuadamente nos últimos anos. Os fundos de compra estão em aproximadamente US $ 1,2 trilhão de capital não investido, um pouco mais de "pó seco" do que o pico anterior atingido no final de 2008, e estão em busca de oportunidades de colocar esse capital para funcionar, às vezes de maneiras não convencionais. (Consulte Anexo 4.)

The first is that competition is often less intense for minority stakes than for majority deals. As we have mentioned, many sellers look for more than capital alone, and buyers can therefore differentiate themselves by factors other than price. In many cases, winning buyers can offer credibility in the financial markets and specific expertise relevant to the priorities of the company in question (in particular, regarding inorganic growth and internationalization). Because sellers do not choose buyers on the basis of price alone, PE firms are more likely to avoid the “winner’s curse” of overpaying.

What’s more, sellers often don’t want to publicize their desire to attract a third-party partner and sell a minority stake, fearing adverse publicity and customer fallout if the transaction fails. As a result, unlike the vast majority of control deals, minority deals are typically not consummated through formal auctions. We studied 24 recent minority deals done by large-cap PE firms in Europe and the U.S., and there was public evidence of an auction in only two instances—in contrast to most large PE deals, in which auctions are the norm.

As many as half of the deal announcements we analyzed cited the need for growth capital, which suggests that companies selling minority stakes often have attractive growth prospects, specific expansion plans, and clear roadmaps for investing the additional capital raised. What’s more, some PE professionals contend that minority stakes are less likely to be “lemons” with hidden flaws, noting that a majority shareholder’s desire to maintain control and a significant economic interest is a telling indicator of the shareholder’s confidence in the business’s prospects.

Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, an $11 billion fund investment and direct coinvestment business, has analyzed 215 deals (including both majority and minority transactions) that involved funds in which MSAIP had a position. The analysis indicated robust overall performance across both majority deals and those minority deals focused on more mature, nonventure businesses. The observed performance differential, however, evolved over time. Specifically, for deals entered into during the period from 2002 to 2007, majority deals evidenced a 30 to 50 percent approximate median differential in terms of money multiple returns. But there was no significant performance differential between majority and minority deals during the period from 2008 through 2013. Neil Harper, chief investment officer of the MSAIP Private Equity Funds-of-Fund team, observed that “from our experience, funds that demonstrate the ability to flex between controlling and significant minority stakes perform at least as well as funds focused only on control, and even outperform such funds in some cases and some markets.”

Perhaps in consequence, demand for minority deals has risen sharply in recent years. Buyout funds are sitting on approximately $1.2 trillion of uninvested capital, slightly more “dry powder” than the previous peak reached at the end of 2008, and they are on the hunt for opportunities to put this capital to work, sometimes in unconventional ways. (See Exhibit 4.)

Como fazer com que os negócios sejam mais atraentes. Eles precisam fazer o seguinte:

Although minority deals can be attractive for PE investors and sellers alike, the lack of control requires PE firms to adjust their standard approach to accommodate several additional success factors. They need to do the following:

By adhering to these precepts, PE professionals can realize competitive returns, diversify their portfolios, deploy built-up capital, and produce big results from relatively small investments. The payoffs could convince even the most skeptical observers that less can, indeed, be more.

Agradecimentos

Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Neil W. Harper, diretor administrativo e diretor de investimentos da Morgan Stanley Alternative Investment Partners, por suas valiosas contribuições para este relatório e sua parceria de pensamento útil. Anton Schneider

Authors

Managing Director & Senior Partner

Antoon Schneider

Diretor Gerente e Parceiro Sênior
Londres

Alumna

Cristina Henrik

Alumna

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