Uma ampla gama de indústrias, da mídia ao transporte, foi interrompida pelas forças digitais. Nós acreditamos nisso Negociação de commodities pode ser o próximo na fila. As vantagens competitivas tradicionais estão sendo desafiadas; Os comerciantes estão enfrentando uma crescente pressão à medida que seu papel muda; E as empresas de negociação estão sendo forçadas a repensar modelos e práticas de negócios longas e bem sucedidas. Em artigos futuros, detalharemos os obstáculos que os comerciantes enfrentam nesse ambiente e descreveremos como as empresas podem se posicionar para o sucesso em meio aos desafios.
In this article, first of a series on the impact of digitalization on commodity trading, we discuss how digitalization is driving what we term hyperliquidity in commodity markets and how it, in turn, can compound the effects of digital forces. In future articles, we will detail the hurdles facing traders in this environment and describe how businesses can position themselves for success amid the challenges.
More from this series: Digitalization in Commodity Trading
- Hyperliquidity: A Gathering Storm for Commodity Traders
- Attack of the Algorithms: Value Chain Disruption in Commodity Trading
- Capturing Commodity Trading’s $70 Billion Prize: How Digitalization Is Changing Commodity Trading
Digitalization as a Disruptive Force
Publishing, accommodation and hospitality, transportation and logistics, banking, and the recording industry are among the businesses that have already been disrupted by digitalization. In each case, many incumbents were in a state of denial until it was too late. Such is the nature of disruption—it can often be hard for the businesses most immediately affected to recognize or accept what is happening. For long-established successful industries such as commodity trading, this can be especially difficult.
In commodity trading’s purest form, traders make money by identifying and exploiting pricing imperfections in the market related to quality, time, and location. Historically, traders’ most potent sources of competitive advantage in this pursuit have been access to higher-quality market information, control of critical assets, and the possession of superior trading capabilities, such as strong trading systems, agile and entrepreneurial teams and individuals, and the ability to assess risk-reward tradeoffs adequately. Together, these levers have allowed traders to capture dynamic advantage.
Either way, traders will have their hands full. Numerous examples exist of how digital forces can marginalize human capabilities. Consider the evolution of equity trading, for instance. Not long ago, a stockbroker would take orders by phone from customers and place those orders in the trading floor, or the pit, where brokers and market makers would shout orders to one another and make lucrative margins. Today, the pit is a largely ceremonial place: the real trade matching is done by machines in New Jersey. People like Charlie Sheen’s character in the movie Wall Street, stationed at a data screen in suspenders and a tailored suit, are disappearing.
In short, commodity traders cannot ignore the risk that they may soon confront the same technological challenges that have upended numerous industries and laid waste to many long-established ways of conducting business.
The Emergence of Hyperliquidity
Digital forces are both reducing the market inefficiencies that traders have long relied on and lowering the barriers for entry to the commodity trading business. These forces are intertwined with a constant stream of new developments in the marketplace, shifts in technology, and ongoing regulatory changes.
The convergence of these factors makes for a highly fluid environment that increasingly requires traders to move outside their comfort zone. Big data and predictive algorithms expand the rigor of fundamental analysis and make the generation of results more “real time” than ever. Information specialists are providing structured data directly to trading systems. Cloud computing is eroding the traditional advantage that trading firms have derived from their in-house IT systems and computing power. Social media has introduced an entirely new channel of information and potential sources of value creation, including sentiment analysis. Regulatory changes are forcing greater transparency in the market, and more widespread use of common technological standards is improving the ability to compare commodities in some markets.
Uma maneira de medir os efeitos desses fatores nos mercados de commodities é analisar a eficiência do mercado. À medida que o nível de padronização e a transparência da informação aumentam, os mercados de commodities se aproximam de níveis cada vez mais altos de liquidez e concorrência, refletidos em um ritmo mais rápido de negociação e spreads de compra reduzida.
Hyperliquid markets have several defining traits:
- Information is highly standardized and accessible, and trading is governed by relatively few standards.
- Market activity is handled almost entirely through an electronic platform (one that handles mainly exchangetraded futures or very liquid, platformtraded, over-the-counter contracts) and underpinned by an efficient infrastructure based on algorithmic trading.
- A tomada de decisão é cada vez mais controlada por algoritmos alimentados por feeds de dados automatizados; A intervenção humana é limitada. Os compradores ou vendedores que entram com uma grande ordem, no entanto, podem não conseguir garantir uma propagação de tal compra: os algoritmos de negociação dos concorrentes podem detectar a posição e tomar medidas para explorá-la. Para os participantes do mercado, isso coloca um prêmio sobre gerenciamento de ordem comercial mais inteligente. execução e negociação cruzada. Essas estratégias incluem arbitragem automática, negociação de alta frequência e arbitragem cruzada (por exemplo, gás a óleo). Colocamos cada um em uma das cinco categorias: mercados de baixa liquidez, mercados de transição, mercados líquidos, mercados altamente líquidos e mercados hiperlíquidos.
- The bid-ask spread is tiny, typically just 1 to 3 basis points. Buyers or sellers who come in with a large order, however, may not be able to secure such a bid-ask spread: competitors’ trading algorithms might detect the position and take steps to exploit it. For market participants, this places a premium on smarter trade-order management.
- Control over a commodity’s traded volume is held not only by industrial commodity players and merchant traders but also more and more by hedge funds and a variety of proprietary traders and market makers that possess algorithm-based trading capabilities.
- Trading strategies are increasingly based on speed, execution, and cross-asset trading. These strategies include automatic arbitrage, high-frequency trading, and cross-asset (for example, gas-to-oil) arbitrage.
We assessed 32 commodity markets, plus those for foreign exchange and equities, on the basis of these characteristics to see where they fall along the liquidity continuum. We slotted each into one of five categories: lowliquidity markets, transition markets, liquid markets, highly liquid markets, and hyperliquid markets.
A number of these markets are moving quickly toward increased liquidity. These include markets of vastly different commodities, such as European power, liquefied natural gas, and government bonds, which currently have very different dynamics and degrees of liquidity. At the same time, some highly liquid commodity markets, such as the corn market, are moving relatively slowly to the right on the liquidity continuum.
European natural gas and iron ore are interesting examples of markets that, while at very different stages, are moving strongly toward higher liquidity. Natural gas is a relatively standardized commodity that was traditionally sold in Europe through long-term contracts linked to oil prices. There was limited scope for market expansion and increased liquidity, given pipelines’ volume and geographic limitations. The deregulation of Europe’s gas markets in the past decade, however, coupled with the current oversupply of natural gas and the growing use of liquefied natural gas on the Continent, has created much more liquidity in the European market. Simultaneously, the emergence of spot pricing has attracted more players to the market and greater pricing transparency. As a result, liquidity in Europe’s trading hubs, including the Netherlands’ Title Transfer Facility and the UK’s National Balancing Point, has grown steadily. Contracts are now traded in digital platforms, and the ever-increasing need for short-term balancing of supply and demand has helped speed the market’s ongoing transition to hyperliquidity.
O minério de ferro era um mercado típico de baixa liquidez até o surgimento de um mercado à vista para a mercadoria em 2010. Desde então, a liquidez cresceu rapidamente, aprimorada pelo relatório de preços de ministros de ferro por publicações como o comandante. Esperamos que a liquidez do mercado de minério de ferro continue a crescer e observar o spread agora muito apertado da Commodity. Acreditamos que existem três forças principais: um grau crescente de padronização, maior transparência da informação e o surgimento de uma infraestrutura digital avançada. Também ajuda a facilitar a avaliação mais precisa dos bens. O óleo físico, por exemplo, tem centenas de qualidades; O poder, por outro lado, tem qualidade uniforme por sua natureza e, portanto, é mais propensa à hiperliquidez.Metal Bulletin and by the increased prominence attached to iron ore on China’s Dalian Commodity Exchange. We expect the liquidity of the iron ore market to continue to grow and note the commodity’s now very tight bid-ask spread.
Drivers of Hyperliquidity
What pushes a commodity market toward hyperliquidity? We believe that there are three main forces: an increasing degree of standardization, greater transparency of information, and the emergence of an advanced digital infrastructure.
An Increasing Degree of Standardization. Standardization fosters commoditization and, ultimately, hyperliquidity by facilitating comparisons between and among goods on the basis of quality, time, and location. It also helps facilitate more accurate valuation of goods. Physical oil, for example, has hundreds of qualities; power, by contrast, has uniform quality by its nature and hence is more prone to hyperliquidity.
New digital technologies help drive standardization much more quickly. Pricereporting agencies are collecting information with mobile phones; physical exchanges are now relatively easy to create. Unprecedented types and quantities of data are now available. The typical evolution from a relatively illiquid market to a highly liquid or hyperliquid one has been sped up dramatically by these technologies. Metallurgical coal, for example, was a very illiquid market because of the wide variety of coal quality and contracts, the relatively small number of producers, and coal’s complex valuation economics. The emergence of electronic platforms such as globalCOAL, with its standard coal-trading agreement SCoTA, however, is causing metallurgical coal to become increasingly liquid.
The trend toward hyperliquidity in commodity markets is also being driven by a push from regulators and platform players for greater standardization and the establishment of trade repositories, which further increases transparency and makes the markets’ economics easier to quantify.
Maior transparência da informação. Os comerciantes de commodities procuram obter e explorar a vantagem de informações - ou seja, acesso a informações superiores. De fato, a ausência de transparência e disponibilidade de informações completas é uma pré -condição para o modelo de negócios tradicional dos comerciantes - e a falta de transparência em relação às mercadorias individuais pode ser considerável. Considere o óleo físico, por exemplo. Um pool fragmentado de fornecedores e compradores, gargalos logísticos e limitações de transporte contribuem há muito tempo para uma significativa falta de transparência de informações. A Agência Internacional de Energia observa que centenas de milhares de barris de petróleo não são contabilizados todos os dias. Os comerciantes há muito procuram tirar proveito de tais fenômenos. Dados cada vez melhores permitem que os participantes do mercado preços de preço e diferenças geográficas com mais precisão. Os provedores de dados especializados coletam informações de fontes como imagens de satélite, frequências de rede e tráfego de caminhões; junte -o eletronicamente; e forneça -o aos comerciantes. As máquinas podem executar esses dados em tempo real usando algoritmos e fazer recomendações aos comerciantes, ou até iniciar negociações em seu nome, a velocidades excedendo em muito as capacidades humanas. Os reguladores só podem fazer muito, no entanto, sem a própria indústria pressionando por maior transparência.
Technology can significantly improve the transparency of information in commodity markets, pushing them toward hyperliquidity. More and better data allow market players to price quality and geographic differences more accurately. Specialist data providers gather information from sources such as satellite imagery, network frequencies, and truck traffic; pool it together electronically; and supply it to traders. Machines can run through this data in real time using algorithms and make recommendations to traders, or even initiate trades on their behalf, at speeds far exceeding human capabilities.
Regulation, such as the Dodd-Frank Act, can also push markets toward higher transparency and liquidity. Regulators can only do so much, however, without the industry itself pushing for greater transparency.
O surgimento de uma infraestrutura digital avançada. Normalmente, isso significa criar motores de correspondência eficientes, que juntam compradores e vendedores; incentivar a geração de liquidez de novas maneiras; e estabelecer o acesso direto ao mercado a esses motores correspondentes por meio de uma interface de programação de aplicativos. A criação dessa estrutura permite que os jogadores enviem cotações diretamente para a plataforma. Ele também permite o uso da negociação de máquinas para a execução aprimorada de negociações iniciadas por seres humanos ou a substituição de comerciantes humanos completamente. Quase todas as principais trocas de commodities estão buscando esses mecanismos para melhorar o acesso ao mercado. Mas muitas trocas ainda estão lutando para determinar as capacidades específicas necessárias para lidar com o número de transações em rápido crescimento. To enable hyperliquidity, an extremely efficient digital infrastructure that can handle an exponential increase in the flow of information must be present or developing. Typically, this means creating efficient matching engines, which bring buyers and sellers together; incentivizing liquidity generation in new ways; and establishing direct market access to these matching engines through an application programming interface. The creation of such a structure allows players to send quotes to the platform directly. It also enables the use of machine trading for either improved execution of trades initiated by humans or the replacement of human traders altogether. Nearly all major commodity exchanges are pursuing these mechanisms to enhance market access. But many exchanges are still struggling to determine the specific capabilities necessary to handle the rapidly growing number of transactions.
Mesmo nos casos em que uma infraestrutura digital avançada já está bem estabelecida, novas tecnologias continuam ultrapassando os limites - e aproximando os mercados da hiperliquidez. As redes de comunicação eletrônica revolucionaram as negociações de balcão em ações; Essas plataformas agora estão surgindo nos mercados de commodities. Essas plataformas oferecem uma execução mais rápida, mais barata e muitas vezes melhor de negociações do que os sistemas titulares. Inovações, como a tecnologia blockchain, oferecem soluções para desafios antigos relacionados à compensação e relatórios do comércio. A negociação de alta frequência, um subconjunto específico de negociação algorítmica, também levou as trocas a desenvolver instalações de teste de algoritmo para evitar comportamentos predatórios. As ineficiências tradicionais do mercado estão diminuindo, e os algoritmos de computador têm cada vez mais chances de superar os seres humanos. Essa evolução do ambiente de negociação tem implicações profundas para os comerciantes de commodities, apresentando enormes desafios e oportunidades substanciais. Nos artigos a seguir nesta série, expandiremos esses desafios e explicaremos como a hiperliquidez está testando modelos de negócios existentes em todas as partes da cadeia de valor de troca de comodity. Cinturão Antti
In digitally driven hyperliquid markets, information moves, and decisions are made, in a matter of milliseconds and the amount of data moved per day is measured in terabytes or even petabytes. Traditional market inefficiencies are shrinking, and computer algorithms are more and more likely to outperform humans. This evolution of the trading environment has profound implications for commodity traders, presenting both enormous challenges and substantial opportunities. In the following articles in this series, we will expand on those challenges and explain how hyperliquidity is testing existing business models in all parts of the commoditytrading value chain.